Stephen Hawking, who has died at 76, said he knew what he wanted on his gravestone.
The Cambridge professor made clear that he would like what is known as Hawking's equation carved onto his grave.
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The equation contains within it all of the most important parts of Professor Hawking's most important discovery. It expresses neatly the idea that would come to define his work for the rest of his life: that black holes weren't entirely black after all, and instead emitted a glow that would become known as Hawking radiation.
That breakthrough led us to new ways of understanding not only black holes but the ways that universe grows and changes over time. And much of it can be expressed in just a few letters:
The equation contains within it all of the most important parts of Professor Hawking's most important discovery. It expresses neatly the idea that would come to define his work for the rest of his life: that black holes weren't entirely black after all, and instead emitted a glow that would become known as Hawking radiation.
That breakthrough led us to new ways of understanding not only black holes but the ways that universe grows and changes over time. And much of it can be expressed in just a few letters:
© Provided by Independent Digital News & Media Limited hawkingequation.jpg
The S that the equation serves to calculate is entropy: a complicated but significant part of black holes, that can be understood as a measure of how much disorder is present in the system. Sometimes the letter is written with a little "BH" next to it, standing for Professor Hawking and Jacob Bekenstein, the other scientist who did so much to help understand black holes.
The rest gives the important numbers required to calculate that entropy. The h is the Planck constant, so important in quantum mechanics; the G is Newton's constant, used to understand gravity; the A refers to the area of the event horizon; the c is the speed of light, made so famous by Einstein's great formula; and the k is Boltzmann's constant, which is a way of understanding how energy relates to temperature.
The Expansive Life of Stephen Hawking (New York Times)
The S that the equation serves to calculate is entropy: a complicated but significant part of black holes, that can be understood as a measure of how much disorder is present in the system. Sometimes the letter is written with a little "BH" next to it, standing for Professor Hawking and Jacob Bekenstein, the other scientist who did so much to help understand black holes.
The rest gives the important numbers required to calculate that entropy. The h is the Planck constant, so important in quantum mechanics; the G is Newton's constant, used to understand gravity; the A refers to the area of the event horizon; the c is the speed of light, made so famous by Einstein's great formula; and the k is Boltzmann's constant, which is a way of understanding how energy relates to temperature.
The Expansive Life of Stephen Hawking (New York Times)
The Expansive Life of Stephen Hawking
All of which may appear to be a little complicated. But, as ever, Professor Hawking gave an incredibly simple explanation of how he arrived at the itself deceptively simple formula.
"In particular, I wondered, can one have atoms in which the nucleus is a tiny primordial black hole, formed in the early universe?" he wrote in 2002, during the celebrations of his 60th birthday. "To answer this, I studied how quantum fields would scatter off a black hole. I was expecting that part of an incident wave would be absorbed, and the remainder scattered.
© AP FILE - In this March 30, 2015 file photo, Professor Stephen Hawking arrives for the Interstellar Live show at the Royal Albert Hall in central London. Hawking, whose brilliant mind ranged across time and space though his body was paralyzed by…
"But to my great surprise, I found there seemed to be emission from the black hole. At first, I thought this must be a mistake in my calculation. But what persuaded me that it was real, was that the emission was exactly what was required to identify the area of the horizon with the entropy of a black hole.
"I would like this simple formula to be on my tombstone."Memorable quotes from Stephen Hawking (Photo Services)
All of which may appear to be a little complicated. But, as ever, Professor Hawking gave an incredibly simple explanation of how he arrived at the itself deceptively simple formula.
"In particular, I wondered, can one have atoms in which the nucleus is a tiny primordial black hole, formed in the early universe?" he wrote in 2002, during the celebrations of his 60th birthday. "To answer this, I studied how quantum fields would scatter off a black hole. I was expecting that part of an incident wave would be absorbed, and the remainder scattered.
© AP FILE - In this March 30, 2015 file photo, Professor Stephen Hawking arrives for the Interstellar Live show at the Royal Albert Hall in central London. Hawking, whose brilliant mind ranged across time and space though his body was paralyzed by… "But to my great surprise, I found there seemed to be emission from the black hole. At first, I thought this must be a mistake in my calculation. But what persuaded me that it was real, was that the emission was exactly what was required to identify the area of the horizon with the entropy of a black hole.
"I would like this simple formula to be on my tombstone."Memorable quotes from Stephen Hawking (Photo Services)
The English physicist and mathematician, who made significant contributions to cosmology, died at the age of 76 on March 14, 2018. He suffered from Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), a rare and life-threatening condition, but that did not stop him from contributing to his field of work. Here are some of his most inspiring and interesting quotes.
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